Nonclinical research and testing refers to that performed using:

• A. Several species of laboratory animals
• B. Humans in early-phase studies
• C. Computer simulations only
• D. Plant assays

Answer: (A)

Nonclinical research and testing refers to evaluating a product's safety and biology in models other than people, typically using several species of laboratory animals to study toxicology, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. This approach helps identify potential risks and determine safe starting doses before any human exposure. Humans in early-phase studies are clinical trials, not nonclinical. Computer simulations can support assessment, and plant assays may contribute in some contexts, but the traditional and most informative nonclinical work centers on animal models across multiple species to provide relevant safety data before clinical testing.